India's silent health crisis: How overnutrition fuels rising chronic diseases

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) now dominate India’s health concerns. A recent survey in Chennai revealed that 65% of deaths there are linked to such conditions. Across the country, the burden of these illnesses continues to grow, with lifestyle and diet playing major roles. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) reports that NCDs account for 61% of India’s disease burden. Diabetes and hypertension remain poorly controlled, adding to the strain on healthcare systems.

Overnutrition is a key driver of this trend. It occurs when caloric intake exceeds energy expenditure, leading to obesity and related diseases. The ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) highlights that 70% of calories in Indian diets come from carbohydrates, often at the expense of protein and essential micronutrients.

Urbanisation and changing food habits are making the problem worse. The rise of cloud kitchens and late-night eateries in cities has increased access to energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods. This shift, known as the 'nutrition transition', is driven by globalisation, higher incomes, and urban lifestyles.

Data from NFHS-5 shows obesity rates are higher in urban areas and among wealthier, older populations. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) found that 38% of Indians eat unhealthy foods, while only 28% consume the recommended five food groups. A 2025 Lancet study warns that India’s overweight and obese adult population could reach 450 million by 2050, with childhood obesity rates rising by 244% over the past 30 years. The socio-ecological model explains overnutrition as a complex issue influenced by individual choices, community factors, and systemic conditions. Without intervention, the health and economic costs of NCDs and obesity in India are set to rise further. Public health measures and dietary guidelines aim to address the imbalance, but widespread change remains a challenge.