Premature birth alters brain structure with lifelong cognitive risks

Being born very preterm—before 32 weeks—can leave lasting marks on brain structure, according to new research. A study led by E.G. Duerden and C. Lebel highlights persistent changes in brain anatomy for those born far earlier than full term. These alterations may influence cognitive functions and mental health well into adulthood.

The study found that critical brain areas, including the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and corpus callosum, often show reduced volume in very preterm individuals. Advanced imaging also revealed disrupted white matter integrity and thinner cortical regions, patterns that remain into adolescence and beyond. Such structural differences may stem from early exposure to inflammation, low oxygen levels, or unstable oxygen supply during the perinatal period.

Disrupted myelination in white matter tracts has been linked to ongoing challenges with processing speed, attention control, and working memory. While the research did not identify specific cognitive deficits in adults or teens born very preterm, the neurostructural changes suggest a higher risk of developing psychiatric conditions like anxiety, depression, and ADHD.

Experts stress the importance of long-term studies to track brain development in this group. Early brain scans could eventually serve as biomarkers, helping predict neurodevelopmental outcomes and guide interventions.

The findings underscore the need for targeted support systems to improve long-term quality of life for those born very preterm. By understanding these neurostructural changes, healthcare providers may develop better strategies to address cognitive and emotional challenges. Further research could refine early detection methods and personalised care approaches.